As of October 2013, student models, such as a Wave writer, sell for about US$1,500 and top-end models sell for approximately US$5,000. These factors influence the price, along with economies of scale, as only a few thousand stenotype keyboards are sold each year. They typically store a full day's work in non-volatile memory of some type, such as an SD card. They translate stenotype to the target language internally using user-specific dictionaries, and most have small display screens. Most contain microprocessors, and many allow sensitivity adjustments for each individual key. Most modern stenotype keyboards have more in common with computers than they do with typewriters or QWERTY computer keyboards. Modern hardware Stentura 8000LX steno writer Open source stenotype hardware created by the SOFT/HRUF project The direct ancestor of today's stenotype was created by Ward Stone Ireland in about 1913, and the word "stenotype" was applied to his machine and its descendants sometime thereafter. A French version was created by Marc Grandjean in 1909. Bartholomew invented the shorthand machine. In New York City on December 24, 1875, John Celivergos Zachos invented a stenotype and filed patent number 175892 for type writers and phenotypic notation application. The first machine was made in 1863 by the Italian Antonio Michela Zucco and was in actual use from 1880 in the Italian Senate. The first shorthand machine (the word "stenotype" was not used for another 80 years or more) punched a paper strip and was built in 1830 by Karl Drais, a German inventor. There are several schools of thought on how to record various sounds, such as the StenEd, Phoenix, and Magnum Steno theories. Because the keyboard does not contain all the letters of the English alphabet, letter combinations are substituted for the missing letters. This system makes realtime transcription practical for court reporting and live closed captioning. Multiple keys are pressed simultaneously (known as " chording" or "stroking") to spell out whole syllables, words, and phrases with a single hand motion. The stenotype keyboard has far fewer keys than a conventional alphanumeric keyboard. The website of the California Official Court Reporters Association (COCRA) gives the official record for American English as 375 wpm. Some stenographers can reach 300 words per minute. In order to pass the United States Registered Professional Reporter test, a trained court reporter or closed captioner must write speeds of approximately 180, 200, and 225 words per minute (wpm) at very high accuracy in the categories of literary, jury charge, and testimony, respectively. ( December 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Ī steno machine, stenotype machine, shorthand machine, stenograph or steno writer is a specialized chorded keyboard or typewriter used by stenographers for shorthand use. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject.
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